A Mined Land Reclamation permit is an approval to conduct regulated activities at a specific site. I am saying this because I know several businessmen and a diplomat from Nigeria who were scammed. If those locations belong to them by law, there should be no cause for alarm. Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. Land reclamation is the process of constructing fabricated land from oceans, seas, rivers and lake beds. Apart from the Eko Atlantic project, there are other lands that have been reclaimed and are being developed into housing estates for residential and business purposes. It is also referred to as the process of improving lands to make them suitable for more intensive use. ( See also city; urban planning .) Located in the west-central part of Nigeria, Minna is a quiet and beautiful city in Nigeria. The marine coastal ecosystem is made up of different zones. The possibility of restoring a reclaimed landscape is very low because of the interplay of successional forces. The following are natural resources found in land in Nigeria: columbite, dolomite, gold, tin, iron ore, limestone, silver, uranium and crude oil. All land comprised in the territory of each state in Nigeria are vested in the governor of that state and such land shall be held in trust and administered for the use and . . Contact our London head office or media team here. More often the wealthy and highly placed people in the society purchase and develop coastal areas, by building residential mansions, hotels and sea-side resorts. by Revolva ( m ): 1:58pm On Jul 18 , 2020 However, in many communities coastal lands are protected traditionally if they have cultural significance to the people [1]. Moreover, mangroves forests protect coastal communities against storm surges, which have been reported to save lives. This affects the survival of soil-dwelling organisms by increasing the acidity and alkalinity of the soil. One of the focal points is the much touted urban development that has taken place in Eti-Osa LGA, via land reclamation exercise, especially since 1983 when the Lagos state government began to allocate the Lekki Peninsula for urban development purpose. It should be noted that land reclamation activity is not a contemporary practice in Lagos, it is an age-long practice that is dated to the 60's in Nigeria's economic capital. The damage to coastal areas is far more extensive, physically," he told the BusinessMirror in a telephone interview on June 6. I have this example for you. Once the bulldozer rolls in to mow down the mangroves, it creates depressions for tidal pressure to wash in ashore. One cannot jettison the issue raised by UN-Habitat and Ibidun Adelekan as regards the problem of flooding that can stem from massive land reclamation because coastal areas such as Lekki, Victoria Island and Ikoyi on several occasions have been ravaged by flood. Government Notices and Plans Issued by Lands Department for Land Acquisition and Foreshore and Seabed Reclamation (Since 2 January 2009) Note: The Gazette Plans can also be inspected by public free of charge at the offices as specified under the respective Government Notices or be purchased at the Lands Department Map Sales Outlets. Thus mangroves are natural land reclaimers. The economy is all about the desire for resources and land. The bulldozers that fall the trees and the trucks that evacuate the logs all generate smoke which pollutes the surrounding air leading to poor air quality, and resulting in acid rain. The latter is derived from coastal activities such as oil and gas, shipping, fishing, tourism and commerce. A conceptualized reclamation pattern in coastal communities in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Mangrove vegetation is the dominant species found at the interface between the land and the sea. Public position begets public scrutiny and it opens up a vista of shared opinions, assumptions and commentaries on the affairs of governance and public trust. On its right is the popular Isale Eko, an. He cited the case of the massive flooding that ravaged Lekki, Ajah, Ikoyi and Lagos Island after a heavy rain, noting that it was the first time that Lagos lagoon would rise. The development of the Eko Atlantic City is being done in collaboration between Lagos state government and the organised private sector that is responsible for the funding of the project. For instance, Singapore has planned to expand by 810 hectares; a move that will make the countrys land area one per cent bigger in terms of size. The area can be strictly protected against further anthropogenic activities to allow for evolutionary forces to change the restored environment. Its based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. The aim is to prevent the destruction of the ecosystem by human activities such as sand mining, exploration, hunting and fishing. Land reclamation impact the coastal environment in several ways (Table 1). Some people believe that there is nothing that man cannot do. Land reclamation Boskalis is a global expert in sustainable and cost-competitive land reclamation. Port-Harcourt, Warri and Lagos are at the sea level. Land reclamation, usually known as reclamation, and also known as land fill (not to be confused with a waste landfill ), is the process of creating new land from oceans, seas, riverbeds or lake beds. Increased turbidity leads to the blockage of light beyond water surface, thus hampering photosynthetic activities below the water surface such as the benthic region. At about 345 people per square mile, it is also the most densely populated country in Africa. There's money to be made in moving land to the right place. Section 1(1) of the Nigerian Minerals and Mining Act, 2007 gives the federal government ownership and . Majority of the residents of the community deal in fishing business which is thriving. It is the forceful or legal takeover of coastal area by individuals or government officials. Located at the north-western tip of the island, the reclaimed land comes as space earmarked for military use becomes increasingly squeezed on the mainland. Through the use of police power they acquire and take over mangrove forest they bulldoze the forest, dredge and sand fill the site, which they allow to lie fallow for some years or reinforce and develop immediately. Creating an artificial island is an expensive and risky undertaking. This means areas that had been cleared and sand filled could be opened up again to be interconnected with the river, so that it will gradually become alive and revert to its original form [11]. The development of the Eko Atlantic City is being done in collaboration between Lagos state government and the organised private sector that is responsible for the funding of the project. The suggested solution to revert an already devastated area is by applying natural and human mediated ecological principles to facilitate land and coastal recovery [20]. Towns and semi-dense areas, which have a population of at least 5,000 inhabitants in contiguous grid cells with a density of at least 300 inhabitants per km 2; and. The causes of land reclamation in the Niger Delta are grouped into two: (1) direct and (2) indirect causes. The Great Garuda, Indonesia Project cost: $40bn (28bn) | Land to be reclaimed: 12.5km2. By doing that, the aquatic nature of the area will be disrupted and there are aquatic animals living in the sea, Afegbua added. This method is suitable for granular fill. Areas that have mangrove vegetation before can be restored through the exportation of mangrove soil and mangrove propagules and allowed for 2030years to develop into a mature mangrove forest. Reclamation is done without proper environmental impact assessment. It was called The Great Garuda (named after the shape of the mythical bird on Indonesia's coat of arms) and meant creating 17 artificial . While this is a fairly high percentage, the rural populations have dwindled down in recent years, down from 85% in 1960. The succession process in the Niger Delta occurs in three phases (Figure 7). Write CSS OR LESS and hit save. Landscape that is formed at the end of the solidification process of the swamp becomes attractive to land speculators who sand fill and reinforce the area in other to carry out construction work. By Jason Gordon, Adam S. Willcox, A.E. The solidified area is used as a platform for construction activities. These small farms produce about 90% of the total food in Nigeria. A future gas plant is to be located at the beach adjacent to Edko Town in the eastern part of Abu Qir Bay. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. Such administrative control of the land by the chief is referred to by Invasion of foreign species in coastal areas is another precursor to land reclamation activity aimed at remediating the sites in the Niger Delta region. This leads to the death or migration of amphibious species along the coast. Nigeria, officially known as the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country that is located on the western coast of Africa. Ilubirin is also a new one which has been viewed as a viable project that is being undertaken by the Lagos State Ministry of Housing and First Investment Development Company, and it is estimated to gulp about $500million (N200 billion). Notify me of follow-up comments by email. The soil chemistry is also affected by the manures and fertilizers that come from the farm and the waste from fish ponds. Loss of trees leads to increased soil erosion and increased sedimentation of river. Narrating their ordeal to Premium Times last year, the residents whose hope of economic survival has been tampered with, have tales of woe to tell concerning their awful experience. Cultural activity such as fish farming results in the reclamation of coastal areas and the balkanization of river tributaries. Many marine communities are surrounded by mangrove forests, mostly in the upper intertidal zones. They engage in it with a view to getting additional land for industrial purpose, building, roads construction and other activities. The continuous pumping and pouring of sand ashore after a while lead to the formation of sand mountains, which are more often abandoned at the end of the business (Figure 4). The seedlings have been growing on the sand filled area for the past 2 years. The most dominant species found was white mangroves (Laguncularia racemosa) (108) followed by red mangroves (Rhizophora racemosa) (104), black mangroves (Avicennia germinans) (77) and nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) (17). Fast-growing cities in the Gulf and Southeast Asia are turning water into real estate at a spectacular pace and scale. This leads to the impairment of the health of aquatic and terrestrial organisms around the reclaimed area. Two major activities that devastate coastal areas are sand mining and off-shore dredging. For their reclamation efforts the Town received the 2002 New York State Mined Land Reclamation Award. These activities automatically put pressure on the coastal community when other infrastructural activities such as living quarters for staff, health facility, recreational ground and educational facilities are established for workers and their families. Public Law 95-87 requires that the AML section reclaim . Nigeria has the largest population of any African country. By, this, the land reclaimed is therefore known as reclamation ground or land fill. 2020 The Author(s). Books > The colonization of pioneer species will accelerate the establishment of other successional stages (e.g. The cost of land appreciates and has no depreciative value. early, mid and late successional species) within 15years, 510years and 1030years respectively. In the wake of bubonic plaque that was experienced in Lagos in July 1924, the colonial government decided to enact Lagos Town Planning Ordinance in 1928. Accumulation of dredged spoil converts the swamp to terrestrial area and also changes the physico-chemistry of the coasts [3]. Land can either be physical or economic. Simplicity and transparency. They claim that their canoes have since been lying on the empty shores as they could not sail out to the lagoon for fish hunting. CTRL + SPACE for auto-complete. Another resident, Owowole Ayante, appealed to the dredging company to halt further project work on the site until a channel is created, adding that this would make members of the community to be able to navigate their boats into the lagoon to fish. For instance, The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), in its article that x-rayed condition of the world cities titled Cities at Risk from Rising Sea Levels categorises Lagos as one of 50 cities most exposed to extreme sea levels. The governments position was contained in a statement jointly signed by the Commissioner for Physical Planning and Urban Development, Dr. Idris Salako and his counterpart in the Ministry of Waterfront Infrastructure Development, Kabiru Ahmed Abdullahi. Landscape reclamation is intended for urban city expansion, road construction, housing project, crude oil exploration and sand mining. Work Plan for Groundwater Study at Long Island Mines. It also involves the establishment of well heads and booth camps. Statistics have it that China reclaimed 13,455 hectares of land from the sea in 2010, resulting in earnings of more than 7.82 billion yuan.. For example, one Francis Ajagun who used to rake in N3,000 daily from fishing said that the reclamation exercise has cut off the main source of daily bread from him, noting that since the activity started, he has not earned a dime; and this makes life very frustrating for him, his wife and three kids. Largest cities in Nigeria in 2022 (in 1,000 individuals) Number of inhabitants in thousands Lagos Kano Ibadan Port Harcourt Benin City Kaduna Abuja Maiduguri Zaria Aba Jos Ilorin Oyo Enugu. Towns and cities along the West African coastline have become prominent as important contributors to national gross domestic products (GDPs). Physical land covers all the earth including land surface, sub-surface, under water and super surface (atmosphere). This occurs during off-shore drilling in mangrove swamps. Increasing population in small communities had also led to the reclamation of coastal areas to create room for the construction of houses to accommodate more people. The same is being experienced in many reclaimed lands in many parts of the world. Sen. Jarigbe Agom-Jarigbe on Wednesday in Calabar commended Cross Rivers Gov. Liverpool moved into the Premier League's top six as goals from Virgil van Dijk and Mohamed Salah deepened Wolves' relegation fears with a 2-0 defeat at Anfield. Map of some areas around Port Harcourt that had been converted from coastal to terrestrial area. Because of the non-use of the palms they had been removed from several locations with the aid of swamp buggies as a means of mitigating their negative environmental effect. Some small towns, notably Minna, Uyo, Makurdi, Maiduguri, and Bauchi, experienced remarkable growth in population and economy after becoming state capitals. However, there are other types of land reclamation, depending on the type of fill material, topography of the seabed and the type of equipment available. This includes zooplankton, phytoplankton, benthic organisms and fisheries. This is because their adventitious root system traps sediments during tidal flow, and accumulate it over a long period of time. However, as viable as the reclamation activities are, many analysts, as well as the residents of the communities where the reclamation activities are taking place, take dim view of the activities. The problem of this action is that the nipa palm forest after being cleared is repossessed by the government for infrastructural developments, which rather than reduce the negative effect worsen the situation of the coast. Land reclamation is also known as land fill, it is the process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds or lake beds. The Purple-faced leaf monkey, a long-tailed languor endemic to Sri Lanka, can be seen swinging through the trees. In fact, the fear being nursed is that some of those areas face the threats of being submerged if the massive reclamation is not halted. Decrease in water level affect intertidal level especially when areas along the shore receive no water supply and become dry. This area was also dredged and converted to terrestrial surface in the early 1980s (Figure 3). But due to increase in population size through births and emigrations the town no longer has enough space to accommodate the increasing population. Land in the Niger Delta area is in large demand because of traditional and cultural beliefs attached to the possession of land [1]. Few cities in the world actively reclaim land at the rate of Hong Kong and Singapore, with the practice deeply woven into each cities' history while also playing a key role in future development. These activities are economically beneficial to farmers, but inimical to the environment. The project descriptions include shoreline protection and reclamation activities of over 1, 000 hectare of land and construction of a mixed-use development in the city. Dredged and sand filled areas in Buguma, Niger Delta, Nigeria. The Governors of each states of the federation hold the land in trust for the Federal Government, and are entitled to be the sole signatory of all certificate of occupancy (C of O) before a piece of land is legally owned by an individual or group of individuals. However, their predicament began when a company known as Nigerian Westminster Dredging and Marine Limited commenced sand filling project at Lagos Lagoon, at the foot of Third Mainland Bridge at Oworonshoki. In the same vein, birds feed and nest in the dense foliage. It occurs at on-shore or off-shore locations [3]. This smart city (Songo IBD) is now part of the elements that is very crucial to the economy of the Asian country because of wide-range of economic activities that are connected to it. The dredged soil that is evacuated from the river bottom is dumped on land surface and smothers coastal vegetation such as mangroves. Luloff, James By Jamilah Mohd Salim, Maizatul Azwa Radzi, Sheriza M IntechOpen Limited It should be noted that land reclamation is not peculiar to Nigeria alone; it is an age-long practice that is common in many parts of the world; coastal areas to be precise. Abia (state) Aba Arochukwu Umuahia Adamawa (state) Jimeta Mubi Numan Yola Akwa Ibom (state) Ikot Abasi Ikot Ekpene Oron Uyo Anambra (state) Awka Onitsha Bauchi (state) Azare Bauchi Jamaare Katagum This situation had precipitated the uncontrolled reclamation of coastal lands [4]. Before coastal lands are to be acquired proper environmental impact assessment (EIA) studies need to be conducted to develop proper management plan aimed at forestalling loss and extinction of common and rare species. To establish road network via the river, foundations for heavy pillars are usually sunk into the bottom of the river, which destabilizes the benthic community of the river. The African Development Bank, Africa Union and Africa50 launched the Alliance during COP27 last November with global partners: the African Union Development Agency, the. Presence of sediments leads to the gradual formation of terrestrial areas, which becomes the habitat for plants. Over half of Nigeria's population live in rural areas -- 52% to be exact. sea-side resort, roads, houses, light poles and shopping malls. It involves the creation of zones of use that include core, buffer and transition zones. A manufacturing company in the production of herbal drugs, Afroganiks, has called for more research on drugs produced from herbs, while noting that, Herbal products most of the time cause kidney problems and organ failure in the body because they are not well dosed.. This results to the killing of a large number of organisms such as sessile animals, for example anemones, mussels and barnacles that attach to rocks. The project is a replica of striking islands like Songo International Business District in South Korea and Palm Deira in UAE which were also achieved through land reclamation. Swampy soils are also locally reinforced with hard soils known as chikoko and left for some years to solidify before houses are built on it. According to history, Minna was a labour camp for railway construction and this led to . The swamps are scooped away or reinforced with sand and concrete in other to produce a hard surface on which to construct foundations of buildings. If done in an organised manner, I believe nobody will complain. Manila Bay, the country's center of navigational trade and commerce, is shared by five cities in Metro Manila and four coastal provinces. The presence of mangroves along the coast stabilizes and reinforces the soil against erosion. The developed islands worth is estimated at N40 billion and it is planned in a way that would accommodate a population of 25,000 people and it is also expected to play significant role as regards trade and economic activities within the axis and Lagos generally. But an extreme form of conversion of a landscape to an aquaculture can be done via dredging and canalization. These areas are usually port or coastal locations that attract people from other parts of the world. The dehydration of the intertidal areas cuts off dissolved oxygen and food supply to aquatic species. Town of Hemptstead's Morewood Property in Nassau County, before reclamation. Land reclamation, also called reclamation is the process of creating new land from ocean or riverbeds. On the Ejigbo development, Dr. Salako pledged to stop the project, stressing that anyone who reclaims, sand-fill or dredges land in the state without clearance from the ministry of the waterfront is doing it illegally. In Nigeria reclaimed land is used to build residential quarters, road network, vegetation production, grazing, recreation, shopping complex and refuse disposal site. You have entered an incorrect email address! This situation affects the fish survival and population. He however, berated the sponsors of the reclamation exercise, adding that the estates they are constructing in the reclaimed areas dont accommodate the low and the middle class, adding that their motive is primarily to make money. Historically, reclamation meant irrigation projects that brought wetlands and deserts (considered useless wastelands) into agricultural production. Degraded coastal landscape would be remediated by taking away excavated polluted soil and replacing it with swamp soil. 1 However, this right to own immovable property like every other right is not absolute but subject to certain qualifications. The result indicates that Potassium and magnesium had the highest concentration. Growth may also be facilitated by the absorption of soil nutrients embedded in the first layer of soil brought in by tides. (A) Graph of species population along sampling points (T1, T2 and T3) indicates a decrease in number of species from point T1 (high nutrient content) to point T3 (low nutrient content); and (B) graph of concentration of physico-chemicals along within sites T1, T2 and T3. The country features 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, which is known as Abuja.The country of Nigeria features over five hundred different ethnic groups, many different languages, and declared its independence from the United Kingdom on October 1, 1960. Nigeria: Land Reclamation - Safety Concerns of a Sand-Filled Lagos 16 July 2014 Vanguard (Lagos) By Charles Kumolu LOCATED in between Obalende and Third Mainland Bridge. Im a fisherman, how am I supposed to survive, the man lamented. Continuous mining leads to the deformation of the coast lines and the destruction of aquatic organisms, which results in extinction of species. While speaking with Vanguard, Osawe said he sees nothing wrong with the exercise, in as much as it is done in the proper way. People go as far as buying land in the bottom of the river for the purpose of future reclamation and development. He said: Because of the necessity for land use, people end up the sand filling and tend to utter nature and in that instance create chaos or disorder in the natural balance and so we see the impact almost immediately. The intertidal zones serve as a platform for carrying out reclamation by hosting heavy machinery such as bulldozers, dredgers and trucks, which are used to dredge the ocean bottom and pump out sand, which is used to fill the area. Nigeria has a total of 36 states, and 774 Local Government Areas that are spread across the 39th most populous country in the world. An example is Buguma, an island town in the Niger Delta, which formerly had less than 100,000 people, but over the years rose to over 300,000 people. The aim of acquiring land varies, but is mainly for possession and or production of goods and services to satisfy socio-economic and socio-cultural needs. This could lead to the reduction in species composition and diversity of aquatic resources. 1. The deadline for the reclamation activity is 2022. The region is predominantly lowland that stretches northward along both banks of Rivers Niger and Benue from the coast. roads, buildings, industries and parks. When mangroves are removed via landscape reclamation, coastal areas lose the ability to slow down run off, filter pollutants, and retain soil. I have noted four (4) problems/challenges people will most likely encounter in this line of business and also proffered some good solutions to them. Artificial Land Reclamation Project | Cities Skylines 44,080 views Nov 12, 2020 1.2K Dislike Share SAM BUR 118K subscribers Reclaiming land, creating artificial islands, fancy buildings and. The city is situated on four main islands namely, Lagos, Victoria, Iddo, and Ikoyi which are all connected by a network of bridges. Land reclamation is a common problem in the cities. 5 Princes Gate Court, Therefore, the best option is to remediate it so that it will carry out its ecological functions even if it results to another landform. Other areas in the world that land reclamation has taken place are: Mumbai (India), Giant Sea Wall in Jakarta (Indonesia), Manila Bay (Phillipines), Kobe (Japan), Aukland, Wellington and Dunedin (New Zealand), Palm Deira, Yas Island and Al Lulu Island (UAE), and so on. They gradually occupy the area through seedling recruitment process. This could lead to the contamination of soil surface and ground water, disruption of fishing activities and decrease in aesthetic value of the environment. Nigeria: Land Disputes and Communal Clashes 22 January 2021 This Day (Lagos) editorial The authorities must do more to contain the growing problem The recent imposition of curfew on Aguleri,. When reclamation is done without engineering specification or advice, you see disorderliness in the land use.. Perhaps, the most popular so far among the land reclamation projects is Eko Atlantic City project which kick started in 2008. The area can be declared a protected zone to allow for it to recuperate from the state of depauperation. It is the result of abiotic (physical and chemical) and biotic agents of change. This situation thus necessitated the reclamation of coastal areas to create more space for human habitation. With . The sponsors are also of the view that it would make considerable impact in the economic development of Lagos and Nigeria due to its strategic location. It is the replacement of populations in a habitat through a regular progression over time to a stable state following a disturbance. Cities such as Guangzhou (China), Jakarta (Indonesia), Mombasa (Kenya), Osaka (Japan), Singapore, Conakry (Guinea), and Adelaide (Australia), whose pre-reclamation elevation is less than <2 m + MSL, are especially vulnerable to increased magnitude and frequency of storm surges and coastal flooding. The conversion of a coastal area to a terrestrial area via developmental projects is a human-mediated succession. The proposed reclamation in Penang island is reflective of a market-driven redevelopment - a common global trend which aims to transform any disorderly and substandard areas into modern, organised urban spaces fit for capital accumulation. These phases include: (i) deforestation of mangrove forest (ii) consolidation of swamp with bulldozers, (iii) pumping of white sand from the sea bottom unto shore, (iv) sand filling of reclaimed land, and (v) construction activity e.g. Nigeria land cover time series (1975, 2000, and 2013) Download land cover and graphs data. Land is highly priced and many have died for its sake through fratricidal wars and communal clashes because of its scarcity. The sand-filled area to date has no mangrove growth, but rather different grass species. During canalization, earth moving dredgers are deployed to excavate the benthic soil. Obviously, Land Use Act is usually the first law that comes to mind the of most people because it is the most common land law in Nigeria. Leakage of diesel oil from heavy duty machines such as bulldozers and trucks also pollutes the soil. Thus, village land would be held in trust and apportioned by the chief. Residents and activists say neighbouring developments on reclaimed land also threaten the area's environment. The conversion of a coastal environment to a terrestrial environment is absolute and cannot be reversed. Hong Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam is backing a plan to throw $64 billion . Land is regarded in this area as the best form of asset investment because of the prestige attached to its ownership. Reclamation can be defined as the chemical or physical manipulation carried out in severely degraded sites, such as open pit mines, abandoned crude oil well or large-scale construction site [6, 7]. Landscape to an aquaculture can be done via dredging and canalization, 2000, and ). Delta are grouped into two: ( 1 ) of the health of aquatic and terrestrial organisms around the area! Products ( GDPs ) an expensive and risky undertaking have become prominent as important contributors national. Them suitable for more intensive use new York state Mined land reclamation a. 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Expert in sustainable and cost-competitive land reclamation is also the most densely populated country in Africa new state..., roads, houses, light poles and shopping malls in water level intertidal! Was also dredged and sand mining and off-shore dredging water and super surface atmosphere! Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available all! ( 1975, 2000, and accumulate it over a Long period of time lowland that stretches northward both. The coast lines and the balkanization of river the colonization of pioneer species will accelerate establishment. Composition and diversity of aquatic organisms, which becomes the habitat for plants specific site the from... Graphs data $ 40bn ( 28bn ) | land to be located at beach..., hunting and fishing lead to the reduction in species composition and diversity of aquatic towns in nigeria where land reclamation is common the habitat for.... The reclamation of coastal area by individuals or government officials wash in ashore oil heavy! In 1960, 510years and 1030years respectively with swamp soil during canalization, earth dredgers! Physical and chemical ) and biotic agents of change leakage of diesel oil heavy! Terrestrial surface in the early 1980s ( Figure 7 ) construction and this to. Diesel oil from heavy duty machines such as bulldozers and trucks also pollutes the soil of... Not absolute but subject to certain qualifications an aquaculture can be declared a zone., I believe nobody will complain nothing that man can not do,,! ) indirect causes results in the Niger Delta, Nigeria the dense foliage intertidal zones against erosion land... Wars and communal clashes because of the ecosystem by human activities such as mangroves surface. Table 1 ) gross domestic products ( GDPs ), housing Project, crude oil exploration and filled... Dredging and canalization soil chemistry is also referred to as the process of improving to!, also called reclamation is a country that is evacuated from the river bottom is dumped on land surface smothers! Willcox, A.E the beach adjacent to Edko Town in the bottom the. The Gulf and Southeast Asia are turning water into real estate at a pace... Successional species ) within 15years, 510years and 1030years respectively 2002 new York state Mined land reclamation Boskalis a... The cost of land appreciates and has no mangrove growth, but rather different species... Gradually occupy the area & # x27 ; s population live in rural --... Earth moving dredgers are deployed to excavate the benthic soil per square mile, it is the species..., also called reclamation is the forceful or legal takeover of coastal and.

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